思考快与慢

番风October 23, 2024About 8 min

很久没有看实体书了，想看看读实体书写电子笔记是种什么感觉。

导读

这本书的导读是一个尝试，其意在使用系统 1 能理解的话去调动系统 2 的思考，这也算是一种费曼学习法，把自己的知识用别人能听懂的方式讲给他们，本质上就是把系统 2 的知识往系统 1 迁移。

老实说，看完序言我就觉得这本书已经值回票价了，因为它清晰的讲述了思考的两种模式。

曝光效应：The consequences of repeated exposures benefit the organism in its relations to the immediate animate and inanimate environment. They allow the organism to distinguish objects and habitats that are safe from those that are not, and they are the most primitive basis of social attachments. Therefore, they form the basis for social organization and cohesion—the basic sources of psychological and social stability

这里又讲了一个关于创新的例子, 感觉好熟悉哈哈 The art of impossible#如何训练 creativity 感觉有时间可以再看看 The art of impossible.

这本书还给了示例，感觉蛮有意思的

第 6 章：Norms, surprises and causes

先讲了什么是“Norms” ，中文翻译为常态知识。

用一个故事引入了 Causes
“Fred’s parents arrived late. The caterers were expected soon. Fred was
angry.” You know why Fred was angry, and it is not because the caterers
were expected soon. In your network of associationsmals in co, anger and
lack of punctuality are linked as an effect and its possible cause, but there
is no such link between anger and the idea of expecting caterers. A
coherent story was instantly constructed as you read; you immediately
knew the cause of Fred’s anger. Finding such causal connections is part of
understanding a story and is an automatic operation of System 1. System
2, your conscious self, was offered the causal interpretation and accepted
it.

被广泛接受的 physical Casuality： The commonly accepted wisdom was that we infer
physical causality from repeated observations of correlations among
events.

Michotte had a different idea: he argued that we see causality, just as directly as we see color.
???
Michotte 提出了一个不同的观点，即人类对因果关系的感知不依赖于观察事件间的关联性，而是直接感知因果关系，就像直接感知颜色一样。他通过一系列实验演示了这种“因果错觉”，在这些实验中，观察者看到一个物体触碰到另一个物体时，即便知道没有真实的物理接触，仍然会感受到一种因果关系。Michotte 认为，这种因果感知是一种先天的、本能的认知能力，不需要推理或者对因果模式的分析，因此他认为人类在出生时就具备这种对因果关系的直接感知能力。这一观点挑战了之前广泛接受的观点，即因果关系的理解是通过观察事件之间的重复关联而习得的。

需要区分 physical casuality 和 intetional casuality，中文翻译为物质性/自然性因果和意向性因果。

The prominence of causal intuitions is a recurrent theme in this book because people are prone to apply causal thinking inappropriately, to situations that require statistical reasoning. Statistical thinking derives conclusions about individual cases from properties of categories and ensembles. Unfortunately, System 1 does not have the capability for this mode of reasoning; System 2 can learn to think statistically, but few people receive the necessary training.